Research Paper on Autism free essay sample

The International Journal of Special Education 2005, Vol 20, No. 1. OVERCOMING CHALLENGES AND IDENTIFYING A CONSENSUS ABOUT AUTISM INTERVENTION PROGRAMMING Carolyn E. Stephens University of Georgia Identifying effective interventions to help children with autism reach their potential has been a source of disagreement among professionals and parents for decades. The complexities of the challenges that face children with autism, and uncertainty about best practices, have delayed progress. This article identifies seven critical program components that address some of the challenges associated with providing effective and efficient autism intervention programs. The results for children who participate in these programs encourage belief in the ability of children with autism to respond with positive change to appropriately designed and implemented interventions. The number of children with autism entering public school systems has increased dramatically in the last 15 years (National Research Council, 2001; Yeargin-Allsopp, et al. 003). In response, schools are struggling to meet the demands for skilled personnel and effective program structures (Peeters Gillberg, 1999; Simpson, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Autism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Professionals have disagreed about how best to identify components necessary for appropriate programs, how to implement programs that meet a broad range of children’s needs, and how to match efficient and effective services to specific characteristics of individual children (Anderson Romancqyk, 1999; Brown Bamberra, 1999; Cohen, 1999; Feinberg Vacca, 2000; Pfeiffer Nelson, 1992). This article presents a brief historical perspective on factors that have complicated implementation of effective interventions on the large scale necessary to meet the needs of school systems in the United States. It also presents seven program components that, based on the literature, may significantly improve results of any comprehensive intervention. These seven program characteristics are supported by many professionals from multiple disciplines involved in studying needs of children with autism. In this regard, the use of the word professionals includes teachers as well as others, such as speech and language pathologists, psychologists, and program administrators. Changes in autism interventions are clearly moving in a positive direction in which children are demonstrating motivation to learn in programs that can address the developmental deficits that interfere with their learning (Bryan Gast, 2000; Koegel, Koegel, McNerney, 2001). Multiple factors Influence Development of Effective Systems of Intervention The literature identifies at least four factors that have contributed to the difficulty many program administrators face in trying to provide effective and sufficient services for children with autism (Conderman Katsyannis, 1996; Feinberg Vacca, 2000). They include the following: (a) Characteristics of autism interfere with learning, (b) Programs maintain low expectations based on historically poor long-term results, (c) Funding resources are limited and intensive programs are costly, and (d) Parents and professionals have had divergent points of view about some fundamental issues. Characteristics of Autism Interfere with Learning The unique learning characteristics of those diagnosed with autism vary widely from typical learners, and contribute to the complexities of determining a single best treatment (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, Campbell, Schopler, Cueva, Hallin, 1996). Atypical patterns of attending to stimuli impede children with autism from focusing on critical aspects of tasks (Koegel, Koegel, Frea, Green-Hopkins, 2003; Smith Lovaas, 1998). Atypical choices in reinforcement interfere with children’s correct responding to tasks assigned (Heflin Alberto, 2001). Social interactions that contribute to early learning experiences of typically developing children are often replaced with preferences for focusing on objects rather than people (Garfield, Peterson, Perry, 2001; Pierce Schreibman, 1995). Receptive and expressive languages develop unevenly and usually assume unique patterns, which require adaptations or specific methods of intervention to overcome (Lamers, Hall, 2003; Koegel, 1995). When learning does occur, unless children reach a level of mastery and self-motivation in using new skills, they often fail to generalize their use in natural settings (Anderson, Taras, Cannon, 1996). As a result, specific learning strategies and environments are necessary in order to maintain children’s attention to task and their motivation for school progress. Behavior differences in children with autism are resistant to change and often do not respond to common methods of discipline and reinforcement in schools. When interventions do not address the broad range of behaviors characteristic of children with autism, children remain isolated from their communities, disrupt their families’ lives, and show poor long-term outcomes (Abelson, 1999; Norton Drew, 1994; Sanders Morgan, 1997). Behaviors frequently include self-injury, aggression, property destruction, odd vocalizations, sleep disturbances, or stereotypical self-stimulation. Preoccupations with aimless and repetitive behaviors add to children’s isolation from meaningful social interactions with teachers and peers that are essential for emotional development and cognitive growth (Koegel, Koegel, Harrower, Carter, 1999).. PG 35-36 Seven Critical Program Components are Described in the Autism Literature The literature identifies significant challenges facing intervention decision makers as they develop new programs and strengthen old ones. The literature also serves as a source for empirically supported critical program components that strengthen interventions (Campbell, 2003; Dunlap, 1999; National Research Council, 2001; Pfeiffer Nelson, 1992; Rogers, 1998). The critical components address communication, social, and behavioral areas of functioning that form the triad of diagnosing criteria for autism (APA, 1994). The program components target a wide range of deficit areas in order o enable children with autism to act more independently, have real choices in natural contexts, and appropriately communicate socially and academically. The seven critical program components that represent a consensus among professionals are identified as: 1. Autism interventions that are supported by empirical evidence should begin as early as possible. 2. Parents should be teachers and decision makers in collaborative teams with professionals with autism expertise. 3. Families and professionals should individualize communication strategies using a broad range of scaffolding approaches. . Professionals should individualize instructional strategies to enable children to demonstrate regular cognitive growth. 5. Programs should provide multiple opportunities for social engagement supported by scaffolding from adults and peers. 6. Adults should teach children pivotal behaviors, including behaviors for initiating, maintaining, and generalizing skills across natural settings and motivate children to function capably in all settings. 7. Children should be given multiple opportunities to learn the social-cognitive skills related to theory of mind concepts about other people’s thinking. A diversity of theoretical approaches, empirical methods of investigation, and professional disciplines support the seven program components that form a consensus among many professionals studying autism intervention. The program components discussed below are not sufficient to change inadequate, unsuccessful programs that have weak theoretical underpinnings into successful ones. However, children with autism in programs without these seven components, are not likely to reach high levels of meaningful, life enhancing functioning. Early and Evidence-based Intervention Evidence is strong and undisputed in support of the first program component. Autism interventions that are supported by empirical evidence should begin as soon as toddlers and preschoolers can be identified (Klinger Renner, 2000; New York State Department of Health, 1999; Osterling, Dawson, Munson, 2002; Rogers, 1998, Simpson, 2001; Wolery, 2000; Woods Wetherby, 2003). With the help of reliable screening and diagnostic instruments for young children with autism developed in recent years, children can begin intervention at younger ages than was possible in the ast (Lord, Risi, Lambrecht, Cook, Leventhal, DiLavore et al. , 2000; Stone, Coonrod, and Ousley, 2000). Courchesne, Karns, David et al. , (2001) provide evidence that children with autism may be born with brain sizes within a normal range at birth but deviate from average patterns of growth in the first few years of their lives. Empirical evidence from programs representing varied intervention approaches, supports the long-te rm positive effects for children with autism when interventions begin as soon as children at risk are identified (Greenspan Wieder, 1997; 1999; Lovaas, 1987). McEachin et al. (1993) described the lasting effects for almost 50 % of the children in their intensive intervention group who began treatment when they were preschoolers. McGee, Morrier, and Daly (1999) describe the necessity of providing adequate programs for young children with autism when they can benefit most in preschool inclusion. Identifying children early and beginning intervention programs during critical first years is a major step in improving results for children with autism. PG 38-39) Pivotal Behaviors A number of behaviors that are typically difficult for children with autism to master are pivotal to intervention success (Koegel et al. 1999; Koegel, Koegel, Shoshan, McNerney, 1999). The sixth critical program component addresses pivotal skills deficits, with emphasis on improving children’s motivation, initiation, maintenance, and generalization of new skills in all natural settings (Burack, Charman, Yirmiya, Zelazo, 2001; Greenspan Wieder, 1999; Koegel et al . 001; Rogers, 1998; Strain Schwartz, 2001; Symon 2001; Wolery, 2000). Koegel et al. (1999) trained adults who regularly interacted with six young children with autism to teach children a series of self-initiation skills designed to promote interactions in their daily lives. The results indicated that three of the six children in the study had good pragmatics on postintervention measures while three had poor pragmatic use of language. The three children with good outcomes had ignificantly higher levels of self-initiations at intake than the children with poor outcomes. Researchers concluded that self-initiations may represent a pivotal skill that should be taught to children with autism who do not initiate social interactions when they enter intervention programs. Milieu intervention strategies are commonly used to teach pivotal skills to children with autism who have difficulty generalizing learning to novel settings. In milieu interventions, children learn in the context of the d aily settings where skills are needed. Yoder and colleagues conducted a number of studies to measure effects of prelinquistic milieu teaching on communication of young children with developmental delays (Yoder, Kaiser, Goldstein et al. , 1995; Yoder Warren, 1998). In the recent study by Yoder and Warren (2002), 39 children less than 24 months old with developmental delays of unknown etiologies were randomly assigned with their primary caregivers to two comparison groups. Children who participated with parents trained in prelinguistic milieu teaching increased the frequency of initiating comments, requesting, and lexical density. Preschool programs specifically designed for inclusion of children with autism provide further evidence for effectiveness of milieu intervention strategies. In the Walden Toddler Program, children are provided with multiple repetitions of learning trials by careful structuring of daily activities and objects to teach children to respond appropriately to naturally occurring stimuli (McGee et al. , 1999). For children with autism, learning pivotal skills during naturally occurring interactions, helps children gain mastery and better generalize learning to natural settings. Theory of Mind The final critical program component for autism intervention is that children with autism should participate in social interactions that help them learn social-cognitive skills related to concepts about others’ minds (Burack et al. 2001; Greenspan, 2001; Klinger Renner, 2000). The theory of mind hypothesis identifies a failure in children with autism to understand that other persons do not share the same relationship to, or thoughts about, objects and events in their environment (Garfield, et al. 2001). This deficit, in theory, significantly influences children’s social and cognitive functioning. There is sufficient empirical evidence in the literature to include theory of mind as an important program goal, especially for older children with autism (Frith Happe, 1999; Skuse, 2003; Tager-Flusberg, 1992; Tomasello, 1995). Some studies provide evidence that children with autism may understand precursor behaviors that may facilitate learning the more complex aspects of theory of mind thinking. Carpenter, Pennington, and Rogers (2001) tested the responses of preschoolers with autism to others’ unfulfilled intentions. The authors found that children with autism were not significantly different from a control group of children in understanding of others’ intentions. They concluded that deficits in understanding intentions might not be as severe as deficits in completing traditional theory of mind tests for children with autism. Nadel, Croue, Mattlinger, Canet, Hudelot, LeCuyer, and Martini (2002) conducted a study to measure whether low functioning children with autism would form social expectancies for an adult interacting with them during still face paradigm conditions. The authors found that children moved closer to the adult and touched the adult more frequently after the conditions in which the adult first remained still before repeatedly imitating the child. The authors interpreted children’s increases in social behaviors as evidence that children could integrate previous social experiences with a current situation to form a social expectancy for an interactive partner. Charlop-Christy and Daneshvar (2003) showed three boys with autism video models for perspective-taking tasks. The children with autism improved understanding about another person’s mental states after watching the videotape on perspective taking. In these studies, children with autism showed potential for understanding some aspects about others’ thinking. Researchers interpreted children’s behaviors as distinguishing others’ thoughts from their own. To fully understand the theory of mind concepts, however, children with autism are likely to need specific adult scaffolding and multiple opportunities before they gain the higher levels of social-cognitive functioning. (PG 41-43) http://www. internationalsped. com/documents/stephens%20(3)1. doc

New York Immigration essays

New York Immigration essays Immigration is an event that has been occurring in New York since the 1624 when the Dutch West India Company assembled thirty families from Holland to established a settlement that became known as New Netherland. Many immigrants came to our nation looking for opportunities that their country could not provide for them. The prospect of political and religious liberty, as well as opportunities for economic advancement brought millions of immigrants to America. Through the years, immigration has played a key role in the New Yorks economic, political and social development in both positive and negative ways. During the colonial era most immigrants came from northern European countries. Their numbers declined with the onset of the Revolutionary War during the 1770s, but immigration picked up strongly again during the 1840s and 1850s. Between 1840 and 1860, the New York received its first great wave of immigrants. In Europe as a whole, famine, poor harvests, rising populations and political unrest caused an estimated five million people to leave their homelands each year. In Ireland, blight attacked the potato crop, and upwards of 750,000 people starved to death. Many of the survivors emigrated. The failure of the German Confederations Revolution of 1848-49 led many of its people to emigrate. Many settled in New York City, where the population increased from 200,000 residents in 1830 to 515,000 in 1850. By 1860, New York was home to over one million residents. More than half of the citys population at that time were immigrants and their American-born children. The masses of immigrants were overwhelming. By 1887, it became obvious that Castle Garden (immigrant receiving station) was too small to process the large numbers of immigrants pouring into the New York. The Castle Garden was so small that criminals were simply hanging out at the receiving station to rob the immigrants inside, instead of wai...

The ways in which community education fits into the holistic concept Research Paper

The ways in which community education fits into the holistic concept of lifelong learning - Research Paper Example , community education is gaining strength and people are getting more towards community education where people, specially adults and old age people learn simultaneously while they work for their community.(Smith and Gruenewald, 2007). The process of learning is a lifelong process and it ends with life. Every day, there is something new to learn but it all depends on a person whether he’s flexible enough to absorb changes or update his/her skills in this challenging world. In this era, people have changed their mindsets of completing sixteen years of education and lead the rest of their life earning and evaluating situations. In fact, people have now become aware of the fact that learning is a never ending process and it has to be done on community or social level to get positive results from a nation (Smith and Sobel, 2010). My thesis revolves around the awareness that have brought people to work together as a nation and adults should practice more to adopt changes of the growing world. Further, in this paper it is supported that academic education is a must, but community education with practical demonstrations work as threshold until perfected. For example, previous generations were never taught to contr ibute voluntarily for a society or plant trees to stop global warming. There was no concept of thinking on global issues. The preaching was all about a family. However, now issues are regarded as global issues and communities and societies have to come up together to work for the betterment of the global village. There are ways in which community education fits best into the holistic concept of lifelong learning. Community education is an integrated form of education based on informal process of learning things or experiencing things practically. There are no examinations and no bounding for aged group to learn by participating for different social issues. An example tells an idea for instance â€Å"say no to plastic bag†, the whole community will go to work

No title Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No title - Assignment Example Additionally, the negotiation of the best care for the patient might be extremely difficult in my community. A nurse working at home or community setting should have a master’s or doctoral degrees. Similarly, postmaster’s certificate in nursing from an accredited program is acceptable for a nurse to function in a community or home setting. In many states, the nurse must have a certification from the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). The nurses should have completed clinical work, as well as courses in pharmacology, health assessment, health promotion, disease diagnosis, and prevention (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). The nurses should have approximately two years’ post-qualifying experience. The nurses should possess expert knowledge, as well as clinical judgment in order to be certified to work in the community and home setting. Additionally, the nurses should have demonstrated unmatched dedication to the patient care. In effect, competence is a key element that informs certification of the nurses (2014). The nursing experience has prepared me adequately to function as a home health nurse or community health nurse. Notably, I have honed the skills of providing nursing care to patients through employing problem-solving approaches in accordance with guidelines and standards of holistic care delivery. Additionally, I have developed the capability to implement and facilitate patient, as well as a patient educational program that captures the needs of the communities. In essence, I am ready to work in the community and home setting as a

Final Film Critique The notebook Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final Film Critique The notebook - Movie Review Example Certain scenes of the movie have immense importance and director of the film should be applauded for it. The objective of the paper remains to examine all the sections of the movies with critique eye, discuss its enormity and impact on the society and present a concise conclusion. Story Telling The movie has been shot in an elegant way. The movie starts off by an old man named Duke is telling a story to an old woman about true love in a nursing home. Duke is telling the story from the notebook which he posses. The year of the story is depicted as 1940 and location is Seabrook Island, South Carolina. Noah, a country boy falls in love with Allie Hamilton. They first witness each other at a carnival. They started an affair without telling their parents. Love from both ends was colossal. Noah is desperate to get married with Allie and expresses his true feelings. Allie is also seriously in love with Noah. The future plans of Noah are to give Allie wonderful living however his current financial position is not stable. He takes her to an abandoned house and tells her that he’ll purchase this house one day for her. Allie knew about Noah’s true intentions and asks her to make love (Nicholas, 2012). On the other hand Allie parents started looking for her with the police and found them. Allie is scolded from her parents for making out with Noah. They ban her from seeing Noah and tell her that he is not suitable for you. Allie is not satisfied with her parent’s decision. Anne- Allie’s mother is eager to separate both of them for which they move to Charleston, very next morning. Noah’s love does not decrease after such setback but her writes letter to Allie every day. Anne keeps the letters to herself and does not inform Allie in this whole time spam. Meanwhile Allie is disappointed by Noah for not writing any letter and not showing up at Charleston. The World War II era starts, in which Noah participates and Allie worked as volunteer to help the wounded soldiers. Allie meets Lon Hammond who is lawyer by profession. Allie’s parents wanted them both to be engaged; eventually Allie and Lon get married. Noah’s father sold the house so that his sonâ⠂¬â„¢s wish of purchasing abandoned house would come true. Noah after returning from the war watches the whole scenario and thanks his father. Noah visits Charleston where he watches Allie and Lon playing cards. Noah comes back to Seabrook, completes the abandoned house and gives an ad in the newspaper (Nicholas, 2012). Allie after watching the ad comes back to Seabrook where he meets Noah. The next day, Anne appears and tells Allie that Lon is in the town to take her back. While going towards Lon, Anne shows all the letters of Noah to Allie. Allie is shocked from watching the letters and confesses to Lon about her love towards Noah. Lon wanted Allie to stay but Allie wanted to live rest of her life with Noah. The old woman shown in the movie is basically Allie and the

Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia

Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia Table of Contents (Jump to) Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study Context of the Study Problem Statement Research Questions CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of Skilled Labour Skills Shortage Skills Shortage in Australia CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data Collection and Analysis Methods Quantitative Data Collection Qualitative Data Collection Description of the Research Process Project Plan Expected Research Outcomes Conclusion References The Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study The present study will aim to address the labour shortage in Australia that ultimately affects the economic growth of the country. From this perspective, Gavin (2010) points out that â€Å"The minerals and energy industry continues to make a significant contribution to employment and wider economic activity in the communities of regional Australia, and to governments directly through taxes and royalties. Skilled labour shortages; however, will continue to have an impact on the nation’s future growth and development prospects, especially in the minerals and energy industry† (p. 1). It would not be wrong to state that the labour shortages coexist with the â€Å"high levels of unemployment,† as these shortages are considered as restrictions for the occupations required experienced workers as well as specialist skills. Nevertheless, the labour shortage is widely considered to be the consequence of various factors such as changes in technology, high levels of wastage, low levels of training, increased demand of new skills, and locational difference (Labour Market Research and Analysis Branch Department of Employment, 2014). This is particularly because workers do not have the skills required by the employers. Context of the Study It is generally recognized that Australia has been experiencing the lack of skills in certain industries. This can end up being a deterrent in the budgetary development of the economy. There are different courses for business and government to address this issue. Costs, welfare and superannuation systems all need examination in light of the way that they offer impulses to backing in the work power. The nonappearance of suitable staff hampers the development of the Australian economy (Tan Lester, 2012; McLean, 2012). The businesses are not ready to discover suitable staffs which prompt undertaking postponements, moderate generation. Thusly, money related advancement is slower than it would in general be. In reality, aptitude insufficiencies diminish beyond what many would consider possible for the economy. Remuneration improvement in business ventures standing up to exceptional capacity inadequacies (particularly mining) is normal and not strange. On the other hand, a greatly basic threat happens if wage advancement specifically territories decodes into no matter how you look at it remuneration improvement (Brennan Castles, 2002). There is noteworthy lack of staff in commercial ventures, for example, mining, accommodation, wellbeing, building, hospitality and farming. Problem Statement Skills shortage hampers the financial growth of the country and it is a great challenge for the Abbott government, currently the â€Å"federal executive government† of Australia. The government is led by Tony Abbott, the Prime Minister of Australia. Nevertheless, a large number of industries are requesting for the increased rate of migrant intake due to the labour shortage in Australia. Work deficiency in Australia has long been a subject in money related and political rounds (Brennan Castles, 2002; McLean, 2012). It was even gathering of the Hawke governments arrangement in 1987. In the late years, Australia has been welcoming the skilled migrants to fill the gaping-holes in the Australian workforce. In 2012, there was remarkable trade when the Gillard government left the relocation rules (ACCI, 2007). Research Questions As Australian Industry Group has recently released its settlement to the organization on boosting the movement permit by 30,000 a year to â€Å"meet capacities insufficiencies,† the aim and objectives of this study will be: When are the labour shortages to be addressed through labour immigration? Which industries are experiencing the labour shortages? How can be the current labour motivated and improved its skills? CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of Skilled Labour The term â€Å"skilled labour† refers to work force that has â€Å"high skill level† to create a noteworthy economic value with the help of work performance, also known as human capital (Dyster Meredith, 2012). Skilled labour is usually characterized as high expertise, as well as high education with high wages, as it involves complicated tasks, which usually need specific education, skill sets, experience and training. From this perspective, Mitchell and Quirk (2005) point out that â€Å"The term skill refers to a specific ability, and is generally used where the ability is assumed to have been in some sense developed through experience or training. Skill is one of several terms used to express the concept of ability, the mental or physical power to do something, that variously distinguish how the ability was acquired, and to what standard. For example, aptitude implies an inherent capacity for acquiring ability, whereas talent often infers ability is inborn. Competen ce generally suggests an ability to do something satisfactorily but not outstandingly. Proficiency suggests significant competence. Skills are also often classified according to the method of their development, as ‘formal’ (derived through a process of structured training and documented assessment), non-formal (training was structured but no certification issued) or informal (obtained through practice, experience, self-education, etc)† (p. 3). Skills Shortage The term â€Å"skills shortage† is considered to be quite related to the skilled labour. According to Mitchell and Quirk (2005), â€Å"Unsurprisingly, analyses of skills shortages by industry and governments invariably consider the issue from the perspective of business and profitability, which places the emphasis on containment of labour costs both in terms of wages and conditions, and hence, whenever possible, externalising the costs associated with developing the skills firms require in their workers† (p. 5). From this perspective, it would be accurate to state that the shortage of skills usually results in the aggravation to organizations, as it hampers both the quantity and the quality of their productivity. According to Richardson (2007), â€Å"In a market economy, firms are accustomed to being limited by their capacity to find buyers for their products, not by their capacity to produce those products. When firms have buyers waiting, but cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand because they cannot recruit sufficient skilled workers, they interpret this as a failure of the skills development system† (p. 11). Skills Shortage in Australia According to Mitchell and Quirk (2005), â€Å"It is evident that from their perspective, Australian businesses feel hamstrung by the present state of the labour market. The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) cite skills shortages as one of the most significant barriers to investment in Australia. The Business Council of Australia (BCA) notes that the increasing average population age necessitates a range of training measures to head of future broad based skills shortages. Although the labour market has tightened in recent years, there is still only anecdotal evidence that a skills shortage is becoming a growth bottleneck† (p. 5). On the other hand, the national government office responsible for Australias tourism and hospitality needs around 56,000 skilled workers from now unless more remote staff is used in nearby ranges. Government needs to relax the 457 visa plan to enable employers to hire skilled staff from overseas (Brennan Castles, 2002; Dyster Meredith, 2012). Skilled positions such as Chef, cooks, Dentists are in huge demand employers are constantly looking overseas as they are not able to hire suitable skilled staff locally. Table 1 shows the â€Å"survey of employers who have recently advertised† for the vacancies in Australia. Table 1: (Proportion of vacancies filled (%), average number of applicants and suitable applicants per vacancy (no.), All SERA occupations, 2007 to 2014 (%)) Source: (Labour Market Research and Analysis Branch Department of Employment, 2014, p. 5) Table 1 also demonstrates that there is a deficiency of skilled workers in Australia from 2008 to 2013. It is quite difficult for the employers to fill the number of overall vacancies. Most number of candidates are not suitably met all requirements for the employment. Employers are willing to sponsor skilled workers but the long and costly legal process is a problem .The number of businesses confronting staff deficiency have tumbled to a new low with managers neglecting to contract staff with proper capabilities (Brennan Castles, 2002). New figures released by the Department of Employment yesterday show insufficiencies were more disposed to be for trades than reasons for living (Argent Tonts, 2015). Kitchen staff, hair stylists and auto mechanics were the hardest positions to fill, while Accountants and teachers were the easiest position to fill. Over the past budgetary year, considerable amounts of applicants competed for available businesses in Australia’s regional areas. McGrath (2014) points out that â€Å"Boston Consulting Group has released a report predicting a shortfall of 2.3 million workers by 2030. The firm says Australias economic growth risks losing momentum in the years ahead unless the country can find ways to plug the gap. With Australia’s unemployment rate at an 11 year high of 6 per cent, it may seem like a strange time to be talking about a shortage of people looking for work, but Brad Noakes from Boston Consulting Group says it is a prospect worth taking seriously† (p.n.d). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study will use the mix research methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or propositions and research questions that will put forward as possible solutions to the problems mentioned in the literature review section. Data Collection and Analysis Methods As mentioned above this study will use the mix research methodology, mix research methodology refers to the approach of research that contains the both methodologies i.e. qualitative and quantitative. Creswell (2013) suggests that â€Å"Truth is what works at the time; it is not based in a strict dualism between the mind and a reality completely independent of the mind. Thus, in mixed methods research, investigators use both quantitative and qualitative data because they work to provide the best understanding of a research problem† (p. 12). Quantitative Data Collection In the â€Å"quantitative data collection method† an investigator relies upon the random sampling as well as upon the structured â€Å"data collection instruments.† These two tools of investigation fit the diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. In other words, they produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. According to Creswell (2013), â€Å"In quantitative studies, researchers advance the relationship among variables and pose this in terms of questions or hypotheses† (p. 8). The quantitative data gathering methodologies include: Experiments/clinical trials Observing and recording all around characterized occasions (e.g., tallying the quantity of patients holding up in crisis at indicated times of the day) Obtaining applicable information from administration data frameworks Administering overviews with interviews e.g., vis-à  -vis and phone interviews, polls an Qualitative Data Collection The research method what is known as â€Å"qualitative data collection† plays a significant role to assess the research question, as it provides the researcher with useful information to understand the various processes involved in the observed results. On the other hand, it also helps the researcher to assess changes in the perceptions of people concerning to their well-being. According to Creswell (2013), â€Å"Meanings are constructed by human beings as they engage with the world they are interpreting. Qualitative researchers tend to use open-ended questions so that participants can express their views† (p. 9). In addition, the qualitative method is also used for the improvement of the quality of ‘survey-based quantitative evaluations.† This is how it helps the investigator to generate the evaluation hypothesis. It actually strengthens the design of â€Å"survey questionnaires† and expands or clarifies the â€Å"quantitative evaluation findings.â €  The approaches used under the qualitative researcher are characterized as following: They have a tendency to be open-finished and have less organized conventions (i.e., researchers may change the information gathering method by including, refining, or dropping systems or sources) They depend all the more intensely on intelligent meetings; respondents may be talked with a few times to catch up on a specific issue, clear up ideas or check the dependability of information They depend on numerous information accumulation systems to check the legitimacy of their outcomes) Generally their discoveries are not generalizable to any particular topic rather every contextual analysis creates a solitary bit of confirmation that can be utilized to look for general examples among diverse investigations of the same issue Despite the sorts of information included, information gathering in a subjective study takes a lot of time. The specialist needs to record any conceivably valuable information completely, precisely, and methodically, utilizing field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs and other suitable means. The information gathering strategies must watch the moral standards of examination. The subjective techniques most usually utilized as a part of assessment can be characterized in three general classes: In-profundity meeting Observation techniques Document review Description of the Research Process The process of the proposed study will put special focus on the approaches including â€Å"Exploratory Data Collection† and â€Å"Survey.† From this perspective, participant observation will be the core method used to collect and analyse data during fieldwork in Australia. On the other hand, it will also use the survey to collect the data for this study. Nevertheless, survey will be containing two scales such as measuring the transnational behaviour as well as the other integration. The process of the proposed study will take the time of more than 4 months. Project Plan Expected Research Outcomes The conceivable answer for this lack is to fast track 457 visa applications so that the business can sponsor the skilled workers to fill the available vacancies. Reducing the bureaucracy involved in the process will help the business in the long term. Conclusion Most Australian accompanies are facing issues in hiring skilled staff. Associations are finding it increasingly hard to get the ideal individual for work opportunities, as showed in various reviews. Pulling in more staff to enter the work power and to backing gifted movement ensures that staff shortage does not lead to slow economic growth. I feel that talented relocation is still the best approach if Australia needs to address its staffing deficiencies. References ACCI,. (2007). ADDRESSING AUSTRALIA’S LABOUR SHORTAGES. AUSTRALIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Argent, N., Tonts, M. (2015). A multicultural and multifunctional countryside? International labour migration and Australias productivist heartlands.Population, Space and Place,21(2), 140-156. Brennan, G., Castles, F. G. (2002).Australia reshaped: 200 years of institutional transformation. Cambridge University Press. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dyster, B., Meredith, D. (2012).Australia in the global economy: continuity and change. Cambridge University Press. Gavin, B. (2010). The Impact of Skilled Labour Shortages on the Pilbara Region. Future Directions International Pty Ltd. Labour Market Research and Analysis Branch Department of Employment,. (2014). Skill Shortages Australia. employment.gov.au. McGrath, P. (2014). Labour shortage predicted to hamper economy. ABC News. Retrieved 17 June 2015, from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-04/labour-shortage-predicted-to-hamper-australian-economy/5647196 McLean, I. W. (2012).Why Australia prospered: the shifting sources of economic growth. Princeton University Press. Mitchell, W., Quirk, V. (2005). Skills shortages in Australia: concepts and reality. Centre of Full Employment and Equity. Richardson, S. (2007).What Is a Skill Shortage?. National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd. PO Box 8288, Stational Arcade, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Tan, Y., Lester, L. H. (2012). Labour market and economic impacts of international working holiday temporary migrants to Australia.Population, space and place,18(3), 359-383.

The Class-Size Amendment Must be Repealed in Florida! :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Class-Size Amendment Must be Repealed in Florida! The latest amendment to the Florida constitution reduces the average class size in schools around the state. Although many people believe that smaller class size will help students learn by giving them more time individually with their teacher, studies prove that class size has little or no effect on student achievement. The class-size amendment is a waste of non-existent money, and in the long run, it will only hurt Florida’s economy and the education program. On November 5, 2002, voters approved the reduction of class sizes around the state, much to the dismay of the governor and well-informed citizens everywhere. Governor Bush previously had warned that the revision to the constitution would cost $27.5 billion over eight years and would force the state to raise taxes and cut services. Unfortunately, naà ¯ve supporters of class size reduction chose to go ahead with the modification of the constitution for emotional reasons, having no actual evidence demonstrating benefit from smaller classes. Much evidence exists, however, to demonstrate why this amendment should not have been passed. In 1986, the Tennessee legislature commissioned the Tennessee Class Size Experiment to determine if class size made a difference in achievement for disadvantaged students. After studying 79 different schools in 42 school districts for 4 years, the researchers found that class size only had an effect on students in kindergarten through 3rd grade, and that effect was minute. The impact was only on reading, not math, and smaller classes did not help disadvantaged students. A 2002 study of New York City schools showed that smaller schools, not smaller classes, had an effect on student success. From these and other studies, Florida should have learned that paying $27.5 billion to count the number of children in a class is a waste of money. Instead,

Different parts of the oriental world

Different parts of the oriental world have been mentioned as the probable locality of the first appearance of the plague or pestilence known as the â€Å"black death,† but its origin is most generally referred to China, where, at all events, it raged violently about 1333, when it was accompanied at its outbreak by terrestrial and atmospheric phenomena of a destructive character, such as are said to have attended the first appearance of Asiatic cholera and other spreading and deadly diseases; from which it has been conjectured that through these convulsions deleterious foreign substances may have been projected into the atmosphere.But while for centuries the nature and causes of the black death have been subjects of medical inquiry in all countries, it remained for our own time to discover a more scientific explanation than those previously advanced. The malady is now identified by pathologists with the bubonic plague, which at intervals still afflicts India and other oriental lands, and has in recent years been a cause of apprehension at more than one American seaport. It is called bubonic – from the Greek boubon (â€Å"groin†) – because it attacks the lymphatic glands of the groins, armpits, neck, and other parts of the body.Among its leading symptoms are headache, fever, vertigo, vomiting, prostration, etc. , with dark purple spots or a mottled appearance upon the skin. Death in severe cases usually occurs within forty-eight hours. Bacteriologists are now generally agreed that the disorder is due to a bacillus identified by investigators both in India and in western countries. The first historic appearance of the black death in Europe was at Constantinople, A. D. 543. But far more widespread and terrible were its ravages in the fourteenth century, when they were almost world-wide. Of the dreadful visitation in Europe then, we are fortunate to have the striking account of Dr. Hecker, which follows.The name â€Å"black death† was given to the disease in the more northern parts of Europe – from the dark spots on the skin above mentioned – while in Italy it was called la mortalega grande (â€Å"the great mortality†). From Italy came almost the only credible accounts of the manner of living, and of the ruin caused among the people in their more private life, during the pestilence; and the subjoined account of what was seen in Florence is of special interest as being from no less an eye-witness than Boccaccio.Text The nature of the first plague in China is unknown. We have no certain intelligence of the disease until it entered the western countries of Asia. Here it showed itself as the oriental plague with inflammation of the lungs; in which form it probably also may have begun in China – that is to say, as a malady which spreads, more than any other, by contagion; a contagion that in ordinary pestilences requires immediate contact, and only under unfavorable circumstances of rar e occurrence is communicated by the mere approach to the sick.The share which this cause had in the spreading of the plague over the whole earth was certainly very great; and the opinion that the black death might have been excluded from Western Europe, by good regulations, similar to those which are now in use, would have all the support of modern experience, provided it could be proved that this plague had been actually imported from the East; or that the oriental plague in general, whenever it appears in Europe, has its origin in Asia or Egypt.Such a proof, however, can by no means be produced so as to enforce conviction. The plague was, however, known in Europe before nations were united by the bonds of commerce and social intercourse; hence there is ground for supposing that it sprung up spontaneously, in consequence of the rude manner of living and the uncultivated state of the earth; influences which peculiarly favor the origin of severe diseases.We need not go back to the ea rlier centuries, for the fourteenth itself, before it had half expired, was visited by five or six pestilences. If, therefore, we consider the peculiar property of the plague, that in countries which it has once visited it remains for a long time in a milder form, and that the epidemic influences of 1342, when it had appeared for the last time, were particularly favorable to its unperceived continuance, till 1348, we come to the notion that in this eventful year also, the germs of plague existed in Southern Europe, which might be vivified by atmospherical deteriorations. Thus, at least in part, the black plague may have originated in Europe itself.The corruption of the atmosphere came from the East; but the disease itself came not upon the wings of the wind, but was only excited and increased by the atmosphere where it had previously existed. This source of the black plague was not, however, the only one; for, far more powerful than the excitement of the latent elements of the plagu e by atmospheric influences was the effect of the contagion communicated from one people to another, on the great roads, and in the harbors of the Mediterranean.From China, the route of the caravans lay to the north of the Caspian Sea, through Central Asia to Tauris. Here ships were ready to take the produce of the East to Constantinople, the capital of commerce and the medium of connection between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Other caravans went from India to Asia Minor, and touched at the cities south of the Caspian Sea, and lastly from Bagdad, through Arabia to Egypt; also the maritime communication on the Red Sea, from India to Arabia and Egypt, was not inconsiderable. In all these directions contagion made its way; and doubtless Constantinople and the harbors of Asia Minor are to be regarded as the foci of infection; whence it radiated to the most distant seaports and islands. To Constantinople the plague had been brought from the northern coast of the Black Sea, after it had depo pulated the countries between those routes of commerce and appeared as early as 1347, in Cyprus, Sicily, Marseilles, and some of the seaports of Italy.The remaining islands of the Mediterranean, particularly Sardinia, Corsica, and Majorca, were visited in succession. Foci of contagion existed also in full activity along the whole southern coast of Europe; when, in January, 1348, the plague appeared in Avignon, and in other cities in the South of France and North of Italy, as well as in Spain.The precise days of its eruption in the individual towns are no longer to be ascertained; but it was not simultaneous; for in Florence the disease appeared in the beginning of April; in Cesena, the 1st of June; and place after place was attacked throughout the whole year; so that the plague, after it had passed through the whole of France and Germany, where, however, it did not make its ravages until the following year, did not break out till August in England; where it advanced so gradually tha t a period of three months elapsed before it reached London. The northern kingdoms were attacked by it in 1349; Sweden, indeed, not until November of that year, almost two years after its eruption in Avignon. Poland received the plague in 1349, probably from Germany, if not from the northern countries; but in Russia it did not make its appearance until 1351, more than three years after it had broken out in Constantinople.Instead of advancing in a northwesterly direction from Tauris and from the Caspian Sea, it had thus made the great circuit of the Black Sea, by way of Constantinople, Southern and Central Europe, England, the northern kingdoms and Poland, before it reached the Russian territories; a phenomenon which has not again occurred with respect to more recent pestilences originating in Asia. We have no certain measure by which to estimate the ravages of the black plague. Let us go back for a moment to the fourteenth century.He not only protected the Jews at Avignon, as far as lay in his power, but also issued two bulls in which he declared them innocent, and he admonished all Christians, though without success, to cease from such groundless persecutions. The emperor Charles IV was also favorable to them, and sought to avert their destruction wherever he could; but he dared not draw the sword of justice, and even found himself obliged to yield to the selfishness of the Bohemian nobles, who were unwilling to forego so favorable an opportunity of releasing themselves from their Jewish creditors, under favor of an imperial mandate.Duke Albert of Austria burned and pillaged those of his cities which had persecuted the Jews – a vain and inhuman proceeding which, moreover, is not exempt from the suspicion of covetousness; yet he was unable, in his own fortress of Kyberg, to protect some hundreds of Jews, who had been received there, from being barbarously burned by the inhabitants. Several other princes and counts, among whom was Ruprecht of the Palatin ate, took the Jews under their protection, on the payment of large sums; in consequence of which they were called â€Å"Jew-masters,† and were in danger of being attacked by the populace and by their powerful neighbors. These persecuted and ill-used people – except, indeed, where h

Free Essays on LSD

The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular as a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -* long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; indeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as p... Free Essays on LSD Free Essays on LSD The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular as a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -* long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; indeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as p...

The Decline of Union Power and Organized Labor

The Decline of Union Power and Organized Labor When the Industrial Revolution swept the United States up in a flurry of new innovations and employment opportunities, no regulations existed yet to govern how employees were treated in the factories or mines but organized labor unions began popping up across the country in order to protect these unrepresented working class citizens. However, the according to the  U.S. Department of State, the changing conditions of the 1980s and 1990s undermined the position of organized labor, which now represented a shrinking share of the workforce. Between 1945 and 1998, union membership fell from just over one-third of the workforce to 13.9 percent. Still, powerful union contributions to political campaigns and members voter-turnout efforts have kept unions interests represented in government to this day. This has recently, however, been mitigated by legislation allowing workers to withhold the portion of their union dues used to oppose or support political candidates. Competition and the Need to Continue Operations Corporations began shutting down work unions resistance movements around the late 1970s when international and domestic competition drove the need to continue operations in order to survive in the cutthroat marketplace that was developing in the 1980s. Automation also played a key role in breaking up union efforts by developing labor-saving automated processes including state of the art machinery, replacing the role of swathes of workers at every factory. Unions still fought back though, with limited success, demanding guaranteed annual incomes, shorter workweeks with shared hours, and free retraining to take on new roles associated with the upkeep of machinery. Strikes have also notably declined in the 1980s and 90s, especially after President Ronald Reagan fired Federal Aviation Administration  air traffic controllers who issued an illegal strike. Corporations have since been more willing to hire strikebreakers when unions walk out, too. A Shift in Workforce and Declining Memberships With the rise of automation and the decline of strike success and means for employees to express their demands effectively, the workforce of the United States shifted to a service industry focus, which has traditionally been a sector unions have been weaker in recruiting and retaining members from. According to the U.S. Department of State, Women, young people, temporary and part-time workers - all less receptive to union membership - hold a large proportion of the new jobs created in recent years. And much American industry has migrated to the southern and western parts of the United States, regions that have a weaker union tradition than do the northern or the eastern regions. Negative publicity about corruption within high-ranking union members has also sullied their reputation and resulted in lower labor involved in their membership. Young workers, perhaps due to a perceived entitlement to the past victories of labor unions for better working conditions and benefits, have also shied away from joining unions. The biggest reason these unions have seen a decline in membership, though, may be due to the strength of the economy in the late 1990s and again from 2011 through 2017. Just between October and November 1999 alone, the unemployment rate fell 4.1 percent, meaning an abundance of jobs made people feel like workers no longer needed unions to maintain their jobs.

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prostitution - Essay Example Yes, one believes that prostitution should be stopped because it ruins the morals and values of society. The presence of prostitution does not in any way uplift the society. It may provide jobs for poor and uneducated women but that should not be the kind of job that a country’s government should offer. Better alternatives must be given by government to these poor women. Furthermore, prostitution gives rise to health problems such as AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases. To endure the â€Å"pain† caused by the invasion to their bodies, some prostitutes resort to drugs and alcohol, which becomes another problem of society (Hughes, 1999). These problems may be prevented and minimized if prostitution is stopped. One does not believe that prostitution could ever be organized without resulting in the exploitation of women. The very essence of prostitution is exploitation of women. It is immoral and unethical. Even if it was legalized, women will still be considered as sex

The Fall of the Berlin wall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Fall of the Berlin wall - Research Paper Example There had been various attempts to explore the historical incidents that showed the way to the creation and the fall of the wall. Economical and political factors have played decisive roles in the fall as well as the making of the wall. Patrik Major (2010 p.23) has investigated the historical events during the fall of the Berlin Wall and rightly puts it as, â€Å"Existing accounts of the second Berlin crisis—starting with Khrushchev’s 1958 ultimatum and ending with the building of the Wall in 1961—have treated it primarily as an episode in international relations, the classic superpower confrontation of the European Cold War.† Many have regarded the creation of the Berlin Wall as a historical event that brought out severe changes in the social life of many western countries. The aim of this paper is to describe the historical event and explore the historical as well as the contemporary causes of the event. Furthermore, the paper is analyzing the different historical interpretations of this event and evaluating its positive and negative outcomes. When one analyses the fall of the Berlin Wall, one should also be aware of the factors led to the creation of the Wall. The website entitled: Why the Berlin wall was built (2000) finds out two major reasons for the building of the Wall, namely, Economical and Political. The Economic reason was, â€Å"Too many well-educated people moved from East Germany, and some worked in West Berlin and lived in East Berlin†¦ so DDR lost money on this† The interference of the West Germany in the East side was the political reason for the building of the Wall (Why the Berlin wall was built 2000). The dominance of different countries in the different sectors of Berlin also has exerted decisive roles in the building of the Wall. But one of the prominent reasons for its building is the â€Å"brain drain† of the West Germany during the years 1954 -1960s. Historical records show